Copper-cobalt-nickel oxide nanowire arrays on copper foams as self-standing anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Numerous scientists are in the pursuit of energy storage materials with high energy and high power density by assembly of electrochemically active materials into conductive scaffolds, owing to the emerging need for next-generation energy storage devices. In this architectures, the active materials bonded to the conductive scaffold can provide a robust and free-standing structure, which is crucial to the fabrication of materials with high gravimetric capacity. Thus, hierarchical copper-cobalt-nickel ternary oxide (CuCoNi-oxide) nanowire arrays grown from copper foam were successfully fabricated as free-standing anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). CuCoNi-oxide nanowire arrays could provide more active sites owing to the hyperbranched structure, leading to a better specific capacity of 1191 mAh/g, cycle performance of 73% retention in comparison to CuO nanowire structure, which exhibited a specific capacity of 1029 mAh/g and capacity retention of 43%, respectively.     

多相催化过硫酸盐工艺处理水环境中有机污染物的非自由基过程

20世纪80年代至今,水处理技术中的高级氧化过程(AOP)已被广泛研究及应用。然而水体中的有机污染物仍因种类繁多和降解难易不同困扰着研究者们,因此对于AOP的机理过程需要更深入的分析认识,以利于技术的进一步发展及应用。AOP中的过硫酸盐氧化工艺近年来得到大量关注,其自由基机理的关键活性物种是·OH 和·SO₄^-。非自由基机理分为¹O₂氧化和PS直接氧化(也称电子转移),某些体系中高价态金属也直接或间接地参与氧化过程。但非自由基过程的发生机理及优势特点仍存在争议。本文综述了基于多相催化过硫酸盐高级氧化过程处理水中有机污染物的最新研究,阐述反应机理及其分析手段,并指出当前研究可能存在的问题。对于过硫酸盐高级氧化工艺中非自由基过程的未来研究方向及应用前景提出展望。     

改性钛基PbO2电极的制备及其对COD的快速检测

通过制备Ti/α/β-PbO₂、Ti/Ag/β-PbO₂这两种含有不同中间层的钛基二氧化铅电极来探究电催化氧化技术快速测定葡萄糖模拟废水中有机物(COD)含量的可行性。为了评估两种电极的各项性能,首先采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对电极进行形貌表征,其次进行电化学性能测试包括线性伏安曲线(LSV)、塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)、循环伏安曲线(CV)以及交流阻抗测量分析。结果表明,Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极表面晶体结构更加均匀,晶粒尺寸偏小,具有更大的电活性表面积。Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的析氧电位为1.77 V,为·OH的产生提供良好条件。在Tafel、CV测试中,Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的交换电流密度i₀及比电容C_p分别为0.0995 A·cm^-1、0.004098 F·cm^-1均高于Ti/Ag/β-PbO₂电极,说明Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极的耐腐蚀性以及释放电子的能力优异。最终选用Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极为工作电极。Ti/α/β-PbO₂电极检测COD的最佳条件为：氧化电位1.30 V、电解时间150 s、电解液浓度0.03 mol·L^-1 硝酸钠(NaNO₃)。电化学法与比色消解法测定COD的相关系数可达0.9909,同时具有良好的重现性与相关性,COD的检测范围为0 mg·L^-1 ~ 500 mg·L^-1。在误差允许的范围内可以替代标准的重铬酸钾法,为实现COD的在线快速检测提供参考价值。     

电沉积制备的PtNi纳米粒子用于氧还原反应:成核和生长机理

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)电堆中阴极Pt基催化剂的高用量造成其成本居高不下,成为阻碍燃料电池汽车商业化推进的重要原因,因此开发低Pt、高活性的Pt基催化剂势在必行.Pt合金催化剂能够有效地降低Pt用量,并通过对合金颗粒的元素比例、晶面、粒径等实行精确调控,显著提升氧还原(ORR)催化活性.然而,目前常用的制备方法由于原料与制备成本高昂、过程复杂大都难以适应规模化生产需求.电化学方法通过控制施加的电流或电位控制晶体生长.在水体系中该方法已得到验证,但由于Pt化合物的热力学标准电极电位与过渡金属元素之间相差较大,且对于过渡金属来说,电负性大多小于铂,因此还原电位通常负于析氢电位,使得二者难以实现共沉积.有机体系中电位窗口比水体系大得多,Pt与电位较负的过渡金属可实现共沉积,采用小分子有机溶剂也可避免溶剂清洗问题,具有应用潜力.本文提出了一种简单的一步电沉积方法,选择易溶于水的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为溶剂,将碳载体滴涂到玻碳电极上作为工作电极,通过电化学方法直接将Pt-Ni合金沉积到碳载体上,并利用物化表征与密度泛函理论(DFT)理论计算来探究共沉积机理.透射电镜表征结果表明,在不同的沉积电位下均可得到分散均匀、粒径适当的催化剂;且随着电位值降低,催化剂颗粒分散得更均匀,颗粒粒径不断减小.元素分布和晶面结果表明,铂镍元素均匀分布于颗粒中.所有样品均表现出优异的ORR性能,最高的面积比活性达到商业催化剂的6.85倍.将材料表征、电化学表征与DFT计算结合,建立起了铂镍合金生长过程的模型,并发现了有机体系中独特的成核-生长机理.将体系中的DMF换成超纯水,用同样的方法进行沉积,得到的催化剂颗粒团聚严重,说明DMF的使用能够避免颗粒团聚.在单独铂的体系中沉积发现,负载量极小,表明体系中镍前驱体的添加对于催化剂的沉积过程起到重要作用.电化学表征结果表明,在所选用的DMF有机体系中,镍的还原电位与铂的十分接近,但还原动力学更慢,趋向于先形成吸附原子后快速还原.由此可以推测,在二者合金的形成过程中,镍在碳载体表面的缓慢还原而形成的吸附原子能够成为铂还原的活性位点,从而降低了铂还原成核所需的能量,使得载体上的成核位点大大增加,这与DFT模拟结果一致.DFT建立了碳上镍的位点和铂的位点,分别在上面进行铂的还原,发现镍位点上比铂位点上更容易实现铂沉积.本文提出了铂镍共沉积的机理:在过电位(即还原能量)下,铂的还原动力学较镍稍快,于是铂先还原形成晶核,但难以达到生长的临界半径,于是单独铂体系中的沉积负载量很少.载体上还原的镍为铂还原提供了大量的活性位点,促进了铂还原,并与镍共沉积.Pt-Ni表面则进一步促进了铂的沉积和颗粒的生长.综上,本文提出了一种用于制备铂合金催化剂的有机电沉积体系,实现了单分散的碳载铂镍合金催化剂的一步制备.随后,本文将材料表征、电化学表征与DFT计算相结合,建立起了有机体系中铂镍合金成核-生长过程的机理模型.     

Residue valorization: Preparation of recyclable organic amine adsorbent using laterite residue

This study focuses on exploiting the main component of traditional nickel metallurgical waste for use as a valuable material that can be applied in the removal of organic amines from water systems. Silicon compounds from metallurgic waste were converted into dissolvable sodium silicate by roasting the waste with alkali. Silica with adsorption capacity was combined with magnetic NiFe cores by the carbonation decomposition of purified silicate solution. The composite magnetic adsorbent was characterized, and its adsorption mechanism for organic amines was investigated. The effects of the initial trimethylamine concentration, contact time and temperature on the adsorption efficiency of the composite adsorbent towards trimethylamine were investigated. It was found that the adsorption fit the Freundlich mode well. The adsorption kinetics can be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity reached 55.8 μg/mg at 293 K. The use of metallurgical waste to prepare the magnetic composite adsorbent has three advantages, which include benefiting the environment by reducing the amount of solid waste and costs associated with constructing and maintaining storage facilities, generating valuable products in an economical manner and conveniently recycling used adsorbents to avoid secondary pollution.     

Preparation,Bioactivities and Applications in Food Industry of Chitosan-Based Maillard Products: A Review

Chitosan, a biopolymer possessing numerous interesting bioactivities and excellent technological properties, has received great attention from scientists in different fields including the food industry, pharmacy, medicine, and environmental fields. A series of recent studies have reported exciting results about improvement of the properties of chitosan using the Maillard reaction. However, there is a lack of a systemic review about the preparation, bioactivities and applications in food industry of chitosan-based Maillard reaction products (CMRPs). The presence of free amino groups in chitosan allows it to acquire some stronger or new functional properties via the Maillard reaction. The present review aims to focus on the current research status of synthesis, optimization and structural identification of CMRPs. The applications of CMRPs in the food industry are also discussed according to their biological and technological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and inducing conformational changes of allergens in food. Some promising directions for future research are proposed in this review, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the further development of chitosan and its derivatives.     

Polydopamine-Assisted Rapid One-Step Immobilization of L-Arginine in Capillary as Immobilized Chiral Ligands for Enantioseparation of Dansyl Amino Acids by Chiral Ligand Exchange Capillary Electrochromatography

Herein, a novel L-arginine (L-Arg)-modified polydopamine (PDA)-coated capillary (PDA/L-Arg@capillary) was firstly fabricated via the basic amino-acid-induced PDA co-deposition strategy and employed to constitute a new chiral ligand exchange capillary electrochromatography (CLE-CEC) method for the high-performance enantioseparation of D,L-amino acids (D,L-AAs) with L-Arg as the immobilized chiral ligand coordinating with the central metal ion Zn(II) as running buffer. Assisted by hydrothermal treatment, the robust immobilization of L-Arg on the capillary inner wall could be facilely achieved within 1 h, prominently improving the synthesis efficiency and simplifying the preparation procedure. The successful preparation of PDA/L-Arg coatings in the capillary was systematically characterized and confirmed using several methods. In comparison with bare and PDA-functionalized capillaries, the enantioseparation capability of the presented CLE-CEC system was significantly enhanced. Eight D,L-AAs were completely separated and three pairs were partially separated under the optimal conditions. The prepared PDA/L-Arg@capillary showed good repeatability and stability. The potential mechanism of the greatly enhanced enantioseparation performance obtained by PDA/L-Arg@capillary was also explored. Moreover, the proposed method was further utilized for studying the enzyme kinetics of L-glutamic dehydrogenase, exhibiting its promising prospects in enzyme assays and other related applications.     

局域结构依赖的稀土上转换发光

稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米材料作为一种新型的荧光材料,因其发光性能优异、化学性质稳定以及自发荧光干扰小等优点受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。如何实现稀土上转换发光性能的可控调节一直是稀土纳米发光材料研究中的一个热点问题。简要总结了近年来关于局域结构依赖的稀土上转换发光性能的研究进展,分别从结构设计和晶体结构调节两个方面展开,主要内容包括核壳结构、复合结构和孔洞结构的设计对稀土上转换发光性能的影响及晶体结构对稀土上转换发光强度和上转换发光红绿比的影响,以期为制备高质量、可定制上转换发光性质的稀土掺杂纳米发光材料提供参考。     

Synergic Enhancement of High-density Polyethylene through Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Multi-flow Vibration Injection Molding: A Facile Fabrication with Potential Industrial Prospects

General-purpose plastics with high strength and toughness have been in great demand for structural engineering applications. To achieve the reinforcement and broaden the application scope of high-density polyethylene(HDPE), multi-flow vibration injection molding(MFVIM) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE) are synergistically employed in this work. Herein, the MFVIM has better shear layer control ability and higher fabrication advantage for complex parts than other analogous novel injection molding technologies reported.The reinforcing effect of various filling times and UHMWPE contents as well as the corresponding microstructure evolution are investigated.When 5 wt% UHMWPE is added, MFVIM process with six flow times thickens the shear layer to the whole thickness. The tensile strength and modulus increase to 2.14 and 1.39 times, respectively, compared to neat HDPE on the premise of remaining 70% impact strength. Structural characterizations indicate that the enhancement is attributed to the improvement of shish-kebab content and lamellae compactness, as well as related to the corresponding size distributions of undissolved UHMWPE particles. This novel injection molding technology with great industrial prospects provides a facile and effective strategy to broaden the engineering applications of HDPE materials. Besides, excessive UHMWPE may impair the synergistic enhancement effect, which is also reasonably explained.     

贵金属钌基催化剂合成及应用研究进展

钌催化剂是近年来新兴的贵金属催化剂,其负载型催化剂具有节约成本、可回收利用、催化性能优异等优势,受到研究人员的广泛关注。本文对负载型钌基催化剂在氨合成反应、加氢反应、氧化反应的合成及应用进行了综述,主要阐述了反应过程中的载体与助剂、制备方法和催化性能,并对当前反应中存在的问题进行归纳和总结,最后提出负载型钌基催化剂现阶段亟需解决的问题以及对未来的主要发展趋势进行了展望。